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Background: To understand T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2, it is essential to define the contribution of infection versus immunization to virus-specific hybrid immunity. Here, we characterized the breadth and magnitude of T-cell responses to the entire SARS-CoV2 proteome over a 2-year follow-up period in infected and vaccinated (CoV2+Vac+) and vaccinated and infected (Vac+CoV2+) individuals. Method(s): We selected samples from 38 (19 CoV2+ and 19 CoV2-, time1, T1) ProHEpiC-19 cohort participants, a prospective, longitudinal study starting in March 2020 involving 7,776 healthcare workers in Spain. Longitudinal samples were available from 10 of them after a 3-dose mRNA vaccination, including 5 CoV2+Vac+ and 5 Vac+CoV2+, at 824.5 and 250.5 days from symptoms onset (DfSO, time 2, T2). We measured the breadth and magnitude of IFN-y T-cell responses by ELISpot assay in cryopreserved PBMCs, using a 15-mer overlapping peptide (OLP) library of 2,790 SARS-CoV-2 peptides in 100 pools. Result(s): We identified immunodominant T-cell responses in S1, S2, nsp3, Env, NC, and M proteins across the SARS-CoV2 proteome. We observed an increased breadth of T-cell responses (responding pools over the entire region) to S1 (44 - 30%) and S2 (31 - 40%) in CoV2+Vac+ and Vac+CoV2+, respectively. In addition, CoV2+Vac+ had an exclusive and sustained response to M. We found significantly stronger responses in CoV2+Vac+ (P=0.0313). Particularly the total magnitude was greater in CoV2+Vac+ vs. Vac+CoV2+ in S1 (4476.88 vs. 1498.53), Env (457.34 vs. 250.50), and M (455.13 vs. 0.00) but not in S2 and nsp3. The total number of peptides for deconvolution was higher in CoV2+Vac+ (32 peptides) than in Vac+CoV2+ (3 peptides) during the follow-up. Seventy-five percent of the responses targeted S, and 25% M, ORF1a, and Env. Conclusion(s): These results profile immunodominant T-cell responses in S1, S2, nsp3, Env, NC, and M proteins across the entire SARS-CoV2 proteome. The data delineate differences in the number of T-cell responses primed hybrid immunity by infection previous to vaccination (CoV2+Vac+), being broader and of higher magnitude and underlining an exclusive T-cell response to the M region. Overall, these findings identify differences in long-term T-cell hybrid immunity primed by infection or vaccination, which may have implications in protection from re-infection and vaccine design.
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This article aims to describe some particularities of rural spaces in which 7 primary schools in the province of Entre Rios, Argentina, are located in, called Nina schools, which have extended their school day since 2015 and, in pandemic by COVID 19, had to resignify their time organization and proposals. On a global scale, in 2020, the times of exceptionality have disrupted daily school life, requiring ad-justments that went from a pedagogical model focused on face-to-face teaching to proposals located in domestic spaces, in unprecedented scenarios. At the same time, schools in rural contexts were constrained and/or enabled by regional and local conditions, and these aspects will also be addressed in this paper. It is part of a Federal Study promoted in 2021 by the Ministry of Education of Argentina. In Entre Rios, the subject under study was The knowledge of Nina schools, in rural contexts, in times of pandemic by Covid 19, approached from a qualitative methodological perspective.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about a profound transformation in the educational landscape in recent months. Educators worldwide have been challenged to tackle academic issues they could never have imagined. Among the most stressful situations faced by students and teachers is implementing online assessments. This paper proposes a system that includes exam prototypes for computer architecture modules at the higher education level. This system generates a wide range of questions and variations on the server side, supported by a set of simulators, resulting in many unique examination proposals. This system streamlines the monitoring process for the teacher, as it eliminates the possibility of two students receiving similar exams and reduces student stress by allowing them to practice with a limitless number of exam samples. This paper also highlights several indicators that demonstrate the advantages of this framework. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
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A B S T R A C T The 2nd The COVID wave forced Paraguayan educational institutions to deprive themselves of face-to-face schooling and/or mix it with virtuality. Teaching and evaluation methods would adopt the distance education modality and its variants. Objective: To describe and compare the perceptions of teachers, of the three levels, about the impact on their educational work and the management of prevention behaviors during the 1st. and 2nd. Wave of the pandemic. Method: In a non -experimental, descriptive-exploratory, cross-sectional design, a questionnaire was applied to 300 Paraguayan teachers of all levels to measure the impact, changes, and consequences of restrictive measures in teaching, self-efficacy, and risk behaviors. Results: In Second. Ola, self-efficacy (t=5.430, p=0.000) and risk (cigarette, alcohol, prescription drug use) worsened (f=54.132, p=0.000). Increase pessimistic attitude. (f=19.525, p=0.000). Deteriorated professional profile, due to less training (f=84.322, p=0.000), increased hours (f=290.409, p=0.000), and more excessive work (f=9.948, p=0.002). Educational bureaucracy interferes with teacher and student performance (f=19.758, p=0.000). Demands to virtualize classes discourage more in this 2nd. Wave (f=5.045, p=0.025). Carelessness with health measures, intentional health misinformation (f=142.886, p=0.000), the decrease in hygiene measures (f=71.074, p=0.000) and restrictive measures (f=71.166, p=0.000) are of concern. The desist from implementing these measures is expressed (f=20. 347, p=0.000) at the end of the restriction. Conclusion: By reducing the use of coping and resilience strategies, greater difficulties in teaching and risks of outbreaks are foreseeable. It is important to reinforce self-effective prevention strategies and actions in teachers and educational communities before the return to attendance.
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The Pedagogical Residency Program has been presented in recent years as an initiative to contribute to initial training, mainly promoting the practice and contact of undergraduates with their future workplace and active teachers. However, the serious pandemic scenario caused by Covid-19 influenced the educational scenario in global proportions, and with that the practical training was harmed. It aims to analyze the contributions of the first module of the Pedagogical Residency Program 2021 to the professional training of residents, in addition to describing the advances and setbacks in relation to the changes of the new public notice considering the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic within this process. It is concluded that despite the obstacles imposed, the Pedagogical Residency Program was crucial for the residents, as the direct contact (even if remote) with the preceptors was essential to expand their "repertoire of knowledge" and prepare for the future. Another point highlighted was the exchange of experiences between peers, collaborating to solve problems involving distance classes and socialization of knowledge.
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In this article, we share the experience in training healthcare professionals from the Hospital General Universitario of Ciudad Real (HGUCR) through theoretical-practical training with clinical simulation, and the evaluation of its results. Sessions were set with high and low complexity simulation for 40 persons and in reduced groups. The evolution of needs led to an increase in the number of sessions, and the suppression of the Advanced Simulation Room. A 64-session program was held between March and April 2020, in morning and afternoon shifts and for groups of 15 persons, with participation by 41.5% (n= 852) of the healthcare staff from the Integrated Care Management of Ciudad Real. The evaluation questionnaire was answered by 91 persons, who reported high satisfaction with the activity (4.32 scores over 5 at overall level);they valued particularly its utility for work, the clarity of the information, and the practical aspect of the session (simulation). Likewise, 80.6% reported an increase in confidence, and 65.9% reported a reduction in anxiety regarding management of patients with COVID. Even though other causes should be analysed, the proportion of contagion among professionals (10%) was similar to that among the general population. The availability of training spaces with simulation and professionals trained in the design of this type of activities represents a useful and flexible resource for any healthcare demands that might arise. © 2021 DAE Editorial, Grupo Paradigma. All rights reserved.
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been associated with an increased risk of venous and arterial thrombotic disease. Although pulmonary embolism has been the most common thrombotic complication, there have been recent reports of COVID-19-associated large-vessel ischemic stroke, acute upper- and lower-limb ischemia, as well as infarctions of the abdominal viscera, including renal, splenic, and small bowel infarctions. Here, we describe a case of splenic infarction (SI) associated with aortic thrombosis, which evolved despite the prophylactic use of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), in a 60-year-old female patient with COVID-19. The patient was treated clinically with a therapeutic dose of LMWH, followed by warfarin, and eventually presented a favorable outcome. We also present a review of the literature regarding SI in patients with COVID-19.
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As the world faces the health crisis of a global pandemic-with healthcare protocols in overhaul, and patients and care teams experiencing unprecedented levels of stress and unpredictability-we predict that current knowledge gaps in maternal health will inevitably have a lasting impact on the health of women giving birth now and in the near future. Since we are decades away from closing the knowledge gaps we need filled today, we recommend shifting thinking toward a comprehensive conceptual model that merges knowledge of stress physiology, neurobiology, and pregnancy physiology. The model we present here, the Maternal Reactive Scope Model, is an expansion of the Reactive Scope Model built upon the concept of Homeostasis and Allostasis. The model provides a framework to consider pathways and interactions across physiological systems to attribute a physiological basis for considering stress exposure and bridge research gaps on mechanisms to measure or target for treatment. Our intention is to provide an adaptable, heuristic framework for discussion of research considerations and new healthcare models that aim to provide the best care for new mothers during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Introduction: To evaluate the changes implemented in lifestyle and nutrition in the mexican population during the lockdown due to SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Material and methods: Transversal study performed during the lockdown in Mexico. Data was obtained through a digital questionnaire, which was spread through social media. The questionnaire evaluated aspects related to: nutrition, well-being and lifestyle (tobacco and alcohol consumption, physical activity and sleep problems) as well as demographic variables. For the statistical analyses, the chi-square test was used to compare differences between genders, with a statistical significance of 5%, using SPSS 23.0 software. Results: A total of 1084 surveys were analyzed. The average age was 35.5±13.9 years and 66.5% (n=721) were women. In relation to eating before lockdown, 69.8% (n=757) considered their diet healthy, 6.5% (n=99) very healthy and 23.7% (n=228) unhealthy, and 2.3% (n=26) have improved their diet, despite this 17.1% (n=186) of people say they eat all the time these days. In relation to sleep, women sleep less during the period of lockdown (p=0.002) and wake up more during the night when compared to men (p<0.001). Conclusions: Factors like nutrition and sleep have alteration in that time of the lockdown. It is important to mention the relevance of these factors because the good nutrition and rest contribute for a better/ strengthening immunological system.
ABSTRACT
Confinement as a preventive measure against COVID19 has entailed a high emotional and psychological cost to the general population and especially to the elderly. The promotion of factors associated with resilience is relevant, in order to promote emotional management and positive coping onfinement as a preventive measure against COVID19 has entailed a high emotional and psychological cost to the general population and especially to the elderly. The promotion of factors associated with resilience is relevant, in order to promote emotional management and positive coping in the face of the situation presented, which allow generating favorable affective and behavioral conditions for future scenarios among the members of the community that constitute the elderly centers. Expressive resources and artistic techniques offer processes and results that strengthen resilient factors. We offer the experience of working with puppets used as an intermediary object aimed at promoting resilience and the relational climate that exists in centers for the elderly due to confinement. The importance of the elaboration process, the results obtained, as well as the dissemination of both aspects in areas outside the centers for the elderly are taken into consideration, both in what speaks of the enhancement of the elderly in the development of the activity undertaken, such as with regard to the use of the puppet as a communication tool already internally between the elderly and their caregivers, as in the relationship established with groups and agents external to the elderly centers.
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In this context caused by COVID-19, there are many atypical conditions, one of them and the one that is causing the greatest concern is related to the vaccine, it is a concern on the part of governments to be able to acquire the largest number of vaccines, and a concern on the part of people to be vaccinated. The present of having a vaccine registry and knowing who has been vaccinated, in most countries physical vaccination cards are being delivered, which is essential to be able to carry them to be able to perform certain operations, one of them may be to be able to enter public places until you can travel to other countries, the methodology that is presented is related to having an RFID card where it can always be carried being safer and difficult to deteriorate due to its material, in the RFID device the basic data can be stored of the person as well as the data of the vaccines that he is supplying, the methodology also proposes the design of a mobile application using the NFS communication protocol, which can be connected directly with the RFID device for both reading and writing data. . The results show that the methodology can be applied and scaled according to the needs of each country, with this information a connection is achieved between different processes and thus achieve interoperability between these devices and many applications, using the same device and for the benefit of the population and those authorized in order to know the status of the people who have been vaccinated. © 2021 CEUR-WS. All rights reserved.
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The purpose of this work is to be able to identify the levels of attention and meditation at the time the virtual classes are held, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic;the conventional way of studying change considerably, and to a greater extent the physical place where the classes are held. Faced with this situation, children tend to be distracted by many distracting agents such as television. The proposed methodology allows evaluating the levels of attention and meditation in children when they are in their virtual classes, it is evaluated using a device for measuring brain signals better known as the brain-computer interface, which provides us with a level of attention and of meditation from 0 to 100%. The results that are presented are related to average values of the measurements made, to demonstrate the methodology was evaluated by two situations, the first is the measurement of a 6-year-old child and the second that of a 15-year-old, each of them With totally different situations in the realization of virtual classes, the measurements show that the 6-year-old child tends more to be distracted with values of 20% of attention and meditation when he is preparing for the class, achieving levels of attention of 72% When they are concentrated on the completion of the tasks, the results in the 15-year-old student show that they are less likely to be distracted, registering levels of attention of 30% when they are entering their classes and reaching high levels of attention above from 90% to 100% when they are solving math problems, the study concludes that students, depending on their age, pay different attention to virtual classes, recommending eliminating distraction agents to improve the attention of students when they are in virtual classes. © 2020 Copyright for this paper by its authors.
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Background: Since the discovery of SARS-CoV-2, researchers have put major efforts towards the understanding of virus-specific cellular immunity. However, the identification of epitope-and protein specific T-cell responses is limited to bioinformatic approaches, use of total viral proteins or peptide mega pools. To overcome these current limitations, we performed a high-resolution mapping using IFN-y ELISpot and peptide sets covering the entire CoV-2 proteome. Methods: We synthetized a 15-mer peptide library of 2790 peptides (11 amino acid overlap) covering a CoV-2cons proteome sequence based on 1700 sequences. We designed a mega matrix of consecutive and non-consecutive peptide pools with 20 to 35 peptides per pool. We assessed T-cell responses in cryopreserved PBMCs from IgG+ SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals (N=13), who recovered from mild/moderate infection, 90-190 Days from off-set symptoms. Also, we expanded PBMCs in the presence of anti-CD3 and IL-2 during 3 weeks and performed a comparative ELISpot using total and expanded PBMCs. Results: Frequencies of T-cell responses from positive peptide pools revealed 40% of responses targeting S2, 20% against S1, 10% against M, and 6% against nsp3 and NP, respectively. The strongest responses were targeting S2 and S1 (median values of 540 and 240 IFN-y SFC/106, respectively), followed by nsp3, NP and M. We observed a median of 13 deconvoluted reactive peptides across the entire proteome per tested individual. The breadth of responses ranged from 1-8 targeted proteins with a median of 2. In addition, we mapped responses in subproteins 3C-LP, nsp6, nsp10 (Orf1ab), and alternative reading frames. We also identified responses to peptide sequences conserved across pan-coronavirus strains Orf1b (n=2), S (n=1) and M (n=1). Following expansion, we observed a loss of CD4+ T-cells in cultured cells and altered peptide-recognition profiles characterized by a loss of S2 and an increase of nsp3 responses. Conclusion: We characterize protein hierarchy in terms of breadth and magnitude by high-resolution mapping of T-cell responses against the entire CoV-2 proteome. The most frequently targeted and immunogenic regions were S2 and S1. We identify responses to small proteins, alternative reading frames and conserved regions across coronaviruses. This data brings new insight into the complexity of CoV-2 T-cell responses and crucial information for vaccine design.
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On this assumption, we first aimed to examine the predictive value of ER skills in relation to diverse indicators of behavioral and socioemotional adjustment. Then, we tested whether some of these associations could be partially explained through the mediator role of the specific parenting practices displayed within the pandemic context. These hypotheses were tested considering the previous levels of child reactivity as a potential moderator of the examined relations. Using parent-reported data from a sample of 874 Galician children (49.6% girls) aged 5 to 9 (Mage = 7.09;SD = 1.04), multiple regression and mediation analyses were conducted. Robust associations between ER skills and diverse indicators of child adjusment were found. Moreover, it was found that specific parenting practices mediate the relation between child ER skills and specific behavioral outcomes (i.e., child routine maintenance). Thus, our findings highlight the importance of ER skills for child adjustment during the COVID-19 crisis, not only through direct, but also indirect effects, suggesting that the kind of parenting style that children receive during the pandemic conditions might be partially elicited by their individual characteristics. Copyright © 2020 RPCNA.
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Telehealth is a promising approach to promoting access to care and can facilitate public health mitigation strategies and help prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory illnesses, while supporting continuity of care. Although CMS's change of its telehealth provisions enabled health centers to expand telehealth by aligning guidance and leveraging federal resources, sustaining expanded use of telehealth services might require additional policies and resources. During 11-17 July, 2020, 963 (95.4%) of 1,009 Health Resources and Services Administration-funded health centers that responded to a voluntary weekly survey reported providing telehealth services. Health centers in urban areas were more likely to provide >30% of visits virtually than were those in rural areas. Compared with health centers that reported full staffing capacity, the prevalence of reporting >30% telehealth visits was 22% higher among those reporting 5% staff absence and was 63% higher among health centers reporting 10% staff absence. No association was detected between the percentage of telehealth visits and PPE shortages for the week following the survey (the week ending July 24), nor was an association found between the percentage of telehealth visits and the change in the number of weekly visits from 2019.
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The state of emergency at COVID-19 tests the capabilities of the world's governments, in contexts of increasing political conflict, where social needs and aspirations for justice and equity grow exponentially, all which impact on the structuring of a post-coronavirus order with uncertain characteristics. In this sense, through a documentary methodology and the analysis of official government management data, the objective of the article is to describe the meaning of transparency and governance policies implemented within the framework of the health crisis of the pandemic of the new coronavirus, from the perspective of the open government with special emphasis on the cases of Chile and Colombia. The main findings of the research emphasize that open data policy is a necessary condition for qualitatively increasing the levels of governance and transparency of public management in crisis management, all of which makes it possible to conclude that the open government model makes public information available to the citizen that positions him as a watchdog for government activities but, at the same time, the data, being timely and comprehensive, promote the creation of initiatives for collective benefit.
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This article analyzes the impact of COVID-19 on México´s regional remittances in 2020. Relying on macro-regional simulations and the use of quadrants, the paper concludes that remittances will be again one of the few countercyclical mechanisms operating for the Mexican economy to face an economic crisis. Nevertheless, the counterbalanced effect of remittances will be regionally heterogeneous and, in some states, will not be enough to compensate the loss of employment and household income. The countercyclical effect of remittances will be stronger in the region of traditional migration. © 2020 Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. All rights reserved.